Cluster communication, originally derived from the term "trunking" or "trunked," has its roots in the concept of a tree trunk. The word "trunk" in this context refers to a central channel or relay system, and while it's not a new idea in terms of relaying or switching, it has gained significant importance in two-way wireless communication over the past few decades. The development of electronic components, computer technology, and manufacturing processes has made it possible to miniaturize system control units and reduce equipment costs, allowing for more efficient relay functions within communication systems. As a result, wireless cluster systems share similarities with traditional wired trunks.
So, what exactly is cluster communication? The concept was introduced into Chinese technical terminology through various translations of "trunked system." In the 1860s, early mobile communication systems used the term "relay system," but there was confusion between trunked relay and repeater-based relay. To clarify, some experts in mobile communications, such as Hu Siyi, a chief engineer at Guangzhou Electronic 7 Lock, proposed using the term "cluster" instead. This term better captured the idea of grouping small groups into larger ones, and the term "cluster" has been widely adopted since then.
In essence, a trunked communication system allows all users within the system to share a pool of available channels. When a user wants to communicate with another, they can access an idle channel under the control of a central console. This makes trunking a dedicated mobile communication system where multiple users or departments dynamically share a set of radio channels, often used for command and dispatch purposes.
With the rapid evolution of mobile communication technologies, frequency bands have expanded from low MHz ranges to higher frequencies like 150MHz, 450MHz, 800MHz, 900MHz, and even up to 2GHz and beyond. Microwave communication has now moved into the millimeter wave band (38GHz and 95GHz). However, relying solely on higher frequencies isn't sustainable due to limited spectrum resources and increasing technical challenges. Therefore, efforts are being made to reduce channel spacing and coverage areas—such as moving from macro cells to micro and pico cells—allowing for more efficient use of the same frequency spectrum.
Another key approach in cluster communication is improving frequency utilization. This involves creating unified networks that are centrally planned and managed, sharing both frequency bands and coverage areas. Instead of each department maintaining its own separate network with limited channels, a shared infrastructure allows for better resource allocation. By centralizing base stations and wireless switches, multiple departments can have their own dispatch consoles and mobile stations, accessing the same network. This not only maximizes spectrum efficiency but also enhances service availability and operational flexibility.
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