Centrifugal pump structure, type and working principle
1. The impeller is the core part of the centrifugal pump. Its function is to directly transfer the mechanical energy of the prime mover to the liquid to increase the static pressure energy and kinetic energy of the liquid (mainly to increase the static pressure energy). The rotation speed is higher and the force is larger, and the blades on the impeller play a main role. The impeller must pass the static balance experiment before assembly. The inner and outer surfaces of the impeller are required to be smooth to reduce the frictional loss of water flow.
2. The pump body is also called pump casing, which is the main body of the pump. The function is to close the impeller in a certain space, so that the impeller can suck in and press out the liquid. The pump casing is mostly made into a volute shape, so it is also called a volute. As the cross-sectional area of ​​the flow channel gradually expands, the high-speed liquid thrown around the impeller gradually reduces the flow rate, so that part of the kinetic energy is effectively converted into static pressure energy. The pump casing not only collects the liquid thrown by the impeller, but also serves as an energy conversion device.
3. The function of the pump shaft is to connect the motor with the coupling and transfer the torque of the motor to the impeller, so it is the main component to transfer mechanical energy.
4. The bearing is a member that is sleeved on the pump shaft to support the pump shaft. There are two types of rolling bearings and sliding bearings. Rolling bearings should be properly lubricated with butter as a lubricant. Generally 2/3 to 3/4 of the volume will generate heat, too little will make noise and heat! The plain bearing uses transparent oil as lubricant, add oil to the oil level line. Too much oil must seep along the pump shaft and float *, too little bearing and overheating will cause burnout! During the operation of the pump, the temperature of the bearing is up to 85 degrees and generally runs at about 60 degrees. If it is high, it is necessary to find the cause (whether there are impurities, whether the oil is black, and whether it is water) and handle it in time!
5. Shaft sealing device. The function is to prevent the liquid in the pump casing from leaking along the shaft or outside air from leaking into the pump casing. Commonly used shaft seal devices include packing seal and mechanical seal. The filler is generally made of asbestos rope impregnated with oil or graphite. The mechanical seal mainly depends on the relative movement between the end face mounted on the shaft and the stationary ring fixed on the pump casing to achieve the purpose of sealing.
There are many types of centrifugal pumps, and the common classification methods are as follows
1. According to the impeller suction method: single suction centrifugal pump double suction centrifugal pump;
2. According to the number of impellers: single-stage centrifugal pump and multi-stage centrifugal pump;
3. According to the structure of the impeller: open type impeller centrifugal pump, semi-open type impeller centrifugal pump, closed type impeller centrifugal pump;
4. According to working pressure: low pressure centrifugal pump, medium pressure centrifugal pump, high pressure centrifugal pump;
5. According to the position of the pump shaft: horizontal centrifugal pump and vertical centrifugal pump;
6. From the use of points: civil and industrial pumps;
7. From the transmission medium: clean water pump, impurity pump, corrosion-resistant pump, etc.
Working principle of centrifugal pump:
Relying on the impeller rotating at high speed, the liquid obtains energy under the action of inertial centrifugal force to increase the pressure. Before the pump works, the pump body and inlet pipe must be filled with water to prevent cavitation. When the impeller rotates quickly, the blades cause the water to rotate quickly. The rotating water flies out of the impeller under the action of centrifugal force. After the water in the pump is thrown out, the central part of the impeller forms a vacuum area. Under the action of atmospheric pressure (or water pressure), the water of the water source is pressed into the inlet pipe through the pipe network. In this way, continuous pumping can be achieved.
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