I. Types and Trends of Motors for New Energy Vehicles
(1) Structure and Performance of the Motor
The drive motor system is one of the three core components of new energy vehicles. It acts as the main execution unit of the vehicle, determining its driving characteristics and overall performance. The entire drive system includes the motor, power converter, controller, sensors, and power supply. In simpler terms, it consists of a drive motor and a motor controller. From an industrial value chain perspective, the cost ratio between the drive motor and the controller is roughly equal.
Figure 1: Structural components of the motor
[Image: http://i.bosscdn.com/blog/10/20/42/5V9-0.jpg]
New energy vehicle motors are classified as medium and low voltage motors, with higher performance requirements compared to general products due to their specific application environment. These include:
1) A wide speed regulation range, allowing operation in both constant torque and constant power zones depending on the driving conditions.
2) High power density to maximize driving range within limited space and battery capacity.
3) Safe and reliable operation with good vibration resistance and heat dissipation.
4) Lightweight design to meet the needs of lighter vehicles.
5) Strong overload capability, typically 4–5 times during start-up, acceleration, or climbing.
Figure 2: Performance requirements for new energy vehicle drive motors
[Table: Performance vs. Reason]
(1) Application Scenarios of Different Motor Types
Motors must perform both electric and regenerative functions. Depending on the type—DC, AC, permanent magnet brushless, or switched reluctance—the power converter will vary (e.g., DC/DC or DC/AC). Its role is to convert battery DC power into the appropriate AC or DC voltage level required by the motor.
The most common types used in new energy vehicles are permanent magnet synchronous, AC asynchronous, and switched reluctance motors. Each has unique advantages and applications.
Permanent magnet synchronous motors are compact, lightweight, and efficient, with high reliability and fast response. However, they tend to be more expensive and have lower maximum power. They are widely used in passenger cars due to their high efficiency and energy density.
AC asynchronous motors are cost-effective and reliable but have lower power density and complex control systems. They are commonly used in buses.
Switched reluctance motors are cheaper and have a simple structure, but they generate more noise and vibration, making them less suitable for passenger vehicles.
Figure 3: Comparison of drive motor performance indicators
[Image: http://i.bosscdn.com/blog/10/20/42/5501-1.png]
Current trends in new energy vehicle motor development include smaller size, higher efficiency, better torque characteristics, longer service life, and reduced noise. Over time, the industry is moving toward:
1) Permanent magnetization of the motor body, which improves torque and power density.
2) Digitization of motor control through advanced chips and processors.
3) Integration of the motor system with controllers and mechanical components to reduce weight and cost.
(B) Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Are Becoming Mainstream
In the U.S., companies like Tesla prefer AC induction motors for their affordability and high-speed efficiency. In contrast, China, Japan, and other countries favor permanent magnet synchronous motors due to their efficiency in city driving and abundant rare earth resources.
Figure 4: Major foreign new energy vehicle motor types and suppliers
[Table: Models, motor types, and suppliers]
Figure 5: Domestic new energy vehicle motor types and suppliers (passenger cars)
[Table: Chinese models, motor types, and suppliers]
Figure 6: Domestic new energy vehicle motor types and suppliers (commercial vehicles)
[Table: Commercial vehicle models and suppliers]
Overall, permanent magnet synchronous motors have the greatest advantages in terms of performance and technology. With China’s rich rare earth resources and advancing motor technology, these motors are expected to dominate the market for a long time.
II. Market Characteristics of New Energy Vehicle Motors
(1) Rapid Development of New Energy Vehicles Spawns a Large Motor Market
With the growth of new energy vehicles in China, the demand for motors has surged. In 2014, the domestic new energy vehicle motor market reached 1.48 billion yuan, with passenger cars accounting for 53% and commercial vehicles for 42%. By 2015, the industry had grown to about 6.56 billion yuan.
It is expected that the market will continue to grow rapidly, reaching 9.7 billion yuan in 2016 and exceeding 19 billion yuan by 2020. Passenger car motors will account for 47.4%, while bus and special vehicle motors will make up 42.7% and 10%, respectively.
Figure 7: China’s new energy automotive motor market scale
[Image: http://i.bosscdn.com/blog/10/20/42/54E-2.png]
(2) Technology Gap Between Domestic and Foreign Markets
While China’s new energy motor market is largely self-sufficient, there are still significant gaps compared to foreign technologies. Although China leads in patent applications, only 50% of these are high-level invention patents, far below the 90% seen internationally.
Figure 8: Domestic new energy vehicle motor patents
[Image: http://i.bosscdn.com/blog/10/20/42/M95-3.png]
Figure 9: Foreign patents for new energy automotive motors
[Image: http://i.bosscdn.com/blog/10/20/42/4519-4.png]
Globally, Germany, Japan, and South Korea lead in electric drive systems. Domestically, companies such as Chery, Geely, BYD, and research institutions like Tsinghua University and Beijing Institute of Technology have strong technical reserves.
Figure 10: Top 20 global patent applications for new energy automotive motors from 1996 to 2015
[Image: http://i.bosscdn.com/blog/10/20/42/1O6-5.png]
(3) Mature Products and Numerous Participants
The new energy vehicle motor industry is highly attractive, with a large potential market and immature standards. Three main types of participants exist: traditional motor manufacturers, auto parts suppliers, and vehicle companies.
Traditional motor enterprises are transforming to enter the new energy market. Companies like Jiangte Motor, Dayang Motor, and Founder Motor have already adapted their production lines. Meanwhile, automakers like BYD and SAIC are also entering the sector.
As the industry evolves, integration of motors and controllers is becoming more common, blurring industrial boundaries. Mergers and acquisitions are increasing, with companies like Shanghai Electric Drive and Ocean Motor acquiring key players to strengthen their positions.
III. Major Domestic New Energy Automotive Motor Enterprises
Figure 11: Domestic and foreign major new energy automotive motor companies
[Table: Companies, regions, and suppliers]
This comprehensive overview highlights the evolving landscape of new energy vehicle motors, driven by technological innovation, market demand, and strategic business moves.
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